Khazen

Aspects of Traumatic Effects

Developmental Psychology

Aspects of Traumatic Effects Following the

1975 Lebanese Civil War on Christians in Lebanon    

and their Transmission Across Generations

Pierre Khazen 15/01/07

This paper is looking to use the Attachment theory to review intergenerational transmission of the 1975 Lebanese civil war experiences on the Christians of Lebanon and concentrate on survivors of the war and their children born after the war, in 1990. The Attachment theory will try to interpret influences of this war on its survivors and their offspring and concentrate on the long-term influences of the war; it permits the integration of attachment, separation and loss. Insecure-ambivalent-attachment may enlighten on preoccupation with matters of attachment and separation in off springs and survivors of the war. This article concentrates on coping of the war survivors and their offspring and the painful influences of traumatic war experiences and loss of attachment figures; it believes that consequences of the Lebanese civil war on its survivors may vary when using specific methods to investigate influences of the war on its survivors but if using a multi-methodological strategy to investigate, the results may be more accurate and decrease possible difference or contrast between them. When methods of investigation show results, the attachment theory will be used to interpret them and by this unify them so possible problem of this difference is compromised. The assumption is that when each investigation with regard to the issue uses a different method, it may be inevitable that the results are different

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Militants clash with Lebanese troops

Associated Press Writer  SIDON, Lebanon – Islamic militants on Thursday fired mortars and rocket-propelled grenades at Lebanese troops as they deployed outside a Palestinian refugee camp in southern Lebanon, forcing hundreds of civilians to flee, security officials said. The soldiers fired back at the Jund al-Sham militants in an exchange that lasted about 10 minutes […]

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Death toll in Beirut clash rises to four: TV

BEIRUT (Reuters) JAN 25 – The death toll in clashes between government loyalists and opposition followers at a Beirut University on Thursday rose to four, an opposition-run television station reported. NBN said two of the dead were students loyal to the opposition, which includes the Shi’ite Muslim Hezbollah and Amal.

They said at least 15 Arab University students were hurt in the clashes that spilled over to a nearby street. Cars and tires were set ablaze in the area.The opposition, which includes the Shi’ite Muslim Hezbollah movement, launched nationwide protests on Tuesday which shut down much of Lebanon and sparked violence in which three people were killed and 176 wounded.The opposition want veto power in government and early parliamentary elections to topple the cabinet of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora. 

For more pictures please click READ MORE

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Donors pledge 7.6 bln dollars in aid

Saudi Arabia, the United States, France, EU and other international donors pledged more than 7.6 billion dollars in aid to Lebanon to support the government. The pledges were made Thursday during a one-day international donors’ conference held in Paris. In his opening speech, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora thanked the participants from some 40 countries for their support, and appealed to foreign donors for further financial support, which he said was vital for Lebanon

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Pictures of January 23rd protest in Lebanon

 A protester stands between soldiers during a general strike called by the opposition in Kaslik area, north of Beirut January 23, 2007. Thousands of Lebanese protesters blocked main roads in Beirut and around the country with rubble and burning tyres on Tuesday at the start of a general strike called by the opposition to try to topple the government. REUTERS/George Abdallah (LEBANON)  To view more pictures please click READ MORE

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Calm returns to Lebanon after deadly protests

BEIRUT (AFP) JAN 24 – Calm returned to Lebanon as roads were cleared and Beirut airport reopened after the opposition called off a general strike that sparked deadly street fights ahead of a donor conference in Paris. Traffic moved freely Wednesday after tractors and cleaners worked all night to clear tyres, sand and rubble from streets blocked in an opposition show of force on Tuesday aimed at ousting the Western-backed government.

Many shops also reopened, although some waited until noon to ensure the situation had returned to normal. The state-run Lebanese University and many schools across the country stayed shut.Tuesday’s strike turned violent as opposition militants burned tyres, blocked roads and fought street battles with pro-government supporters that left three people dead and 133 others wounded.The violent protests paralysed Lebanon for a day and added to concerns over the stability of a country still bearing the scars of the 1975-1990 civil war and last summer’s massive Israeli war against the Shiite Muslim Hezbollah.

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Paris donors conference eyes Lebanon aid

PARIS – The tug-of-war for control of Lebanon takes a financial turn Thursday, with high-ranking officials from 35 mostly Western and Gulf countries meeting in Paris seeking to raise billions of dollars in aid for Prime Minister Fuad Saniora’s embattled government.

Saniora left Lebanon for Paris on a private jet Wednesday, a day after Hezbollah-led protesters who want to topple him clashed with government supporters across the country. At least three people were killed and dozens injured in the violence.

The United States and other Western nations that support Saniora see crucial stakes in Lebanon, hoping the country can emerge from years of war as an oasis of stability in the restive Middle East and stand on its own without interference from countries like Syria or Iran

Analysts expect the countries meeting in Paris to raise $5 billion in grants and loans to help cut Lebanon’s public debt and pay for rebuilding costs after the 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah fighters last summer.

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Life returns to normal in Lebanese capital

Jan 24, Life was returning to normal in the Lebanese capital and around the country Wednesday, a day after violent confrontation between government supporters and opponents killed three people and wounded dozens. The violence was the worst escalation of the  opposition’s campaign to topple Prime Minister Fuad Saniora’s Cabinet.

Most private and public schools that closed Tuesday after the opposition called a general strike against the government reopened Wednesday as did banks and commercial shops in Beirut and other cities. The road to the airport, closed by burning tires and earthen barricades set up by the opposition, was reopened by the Lebanese army shortly after midnight Tuesday. This allowed a Middle East Airlines plane to fly to Milano Wednesday morning. Roads at Beirut’s northern and southern entrances were reopened to traffic Wednesday after they were blocked by burning tires and sand barricades by protesters.

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Lebanese opposition calls for strike on Tuesday

By Tom Perry BEIRUT, Jan 23 (Reuters) – Lebanon’s opposition called on workers to go on strike on Tuesday in an escalation of its campaign against the government that is set to deepen the political crisis in the country. Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, part of the opposition, called on Lebanese to observe the strike and be ready for more steps which the opposition might announce to press its demands for veto power in cabinet and new elections. Prime Minister Fouad Siniora’s  has shrugged off the demands, instead preparing for an international aid conference in Paris on Thursday that it hopes will yield billions of dollars for Lebanon’s debt-laden economy.

Opposition figures, who say the government is illegitimate and a tool of the United States, have suggested mass protests would accompany the strike. The opposition’s campaign, which started on Dec. 1 with an open-ended protest in central Beirut, has been largely peaceful. One anti-government protester was shot dead in December.

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Political opponents compete over love for Lebanon

Beirut, Jan 14 (DPA) The slogan ‘I love life’ is currently covering billboards around the Lebanese capital as the government and the opposition compete over who loves life and Lebanon more. It is a campaign used by the March 14 Coalition and has been countered by slogans from the opposition that read: ‘We love life without debt or outside interferences.’The billboards represent the competition between Lebanon’s government and its allies, and the opposition to show their love for Lebanon.’We love life with pride,’ reads a billboard for the Lebanese Shia movement Hezbollah. A few metres away, a large billboard pasted up by the forces that support the government of Premier Fouad Seniora says: ‘We want to live. We love life.’

Since Christmas, red-and-white posters were pasted up around Beirut proclaiming ‘I love life’ in Arabic, English and French in an apparent reaction to Hezbollah’s culture of martyrdom. ‘There is a group in Lebanon who advocate death and love war and they put the idea of military confrontation above any other consideration,’ said a follower of the government. ‘We are telling them not all the Lebanese back your views and we love to live.’  Said Hezbollah’s Zuheir Safieddine: ‘This is silly. The government forces think only they love Lebanon and they love life, but we tell them we love Lebanon to be free from political, social, financial debt.’Opposition follower George Aoun remarked: ‘We tell them (the government forces) that advertising never bought the trust of the people. Go invest in building constitutions and show goodwill in boosting the economic cycle.’

However, the billboards have angered some Lebanese who consider themselves neutral in the political crisis dividing the country. They criticise both sides for pulling the country into civil strife. One such critic is Najwa Baydoun, a Lebanese social worker.’Who are they (opposition and government forces) kidding? Human minds can be limited and blind sometimes, but they should not use the word ‘love’ in their political war,’ said Baydoun.

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